Essay about Xacc/280 Week 8 Assignment Internal Controls

Internal Controls XACC/280 4/21/2013 There are many rules companies must follow whenever documenting financial information or any other data which is gather during any business transactions. In order for said companies to report financial information internal controls have to be put in place as companies have to adhere to certain laws and regulations. Internal controls can be defined as a process which companies follow in order to ensure all financial reporting is done in a reliable and lawful manner. Some think of it as a system which works within a system as it plays a major role on the success of a company’s accounting system. At the organizational level, internal control objectives relate to the reliability of financial†¦show more content†¦It clearly states the responsibilities a company and its executives have when it comes to all financial reports. Furthermore it gives the company clearly stated consequences if they choose to falsify reports or mislead investors or the public of their financ ial conditions. It is necessary for a company to maintain effective internal controls over their financial reporting so that they can produce financial reports that are reliable and prevent financial fraud. If a company is unable to maintain effective internal controls, confidence and trust of investors will be affected. As a consequence, companies would begin to see a drop in their stock prices. If good internal controls are in place, companies will safeguard from unethical behavior and mistakes which are not allowed in financial statement reporting. A company’s financial reports are looked over very carefully inside and out before an investor will even consider buying stock. The stock prices of companies that disclosed material weakness in ICOFR experienced declines of 5% to 10%. There are several limitations which hinder the effectiveness of the internal controls; these limitations can result from lapses in the process and include system omissions, human factors, resource constraints or a lack of system flexibility. Effective internal control implies the organization generates reliable financial reporting and substantially complies with the laws and regulations that

Entity Relationship Diagram Analysis Free Essays

In this undertaking I have to roll up some entity, so an entity attributes and at last ERD.I think I will larn more about entity, attributes, Entity Relationship Diagram to make this undertaking. Description: Entity An Entity is an object or existent thing such as a tabular array or signifier. We will write a custom essay sample on Entity Relationship Diagram Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now An Entity contains some information about himself. In the entity some informations can be stored. Properties Properties means the information or inside informations of an Entity. Attribute may incorporate assorted sorts of value like numeral, Characters, Integer etc. Simply attributes are the belongingss of entity. Entity Relationship Diagram ( ERD ) An entity-relationship diagram is a information mold diagram and technique. ERD can make a graphical representation of the relationships between entities, the entities, and within an information system. There are three type relationships in the Entity Relationship Diagram ( ERD ) One to One One to Many Many to Many The chief constituents of Entity Relationship Diagram ( ERD ) Entity Properties Relationship Cardinality Entities: Department Capable Area Staff Plan Faculty Student Registration Examination Consequence Coursework Attendance Advancement Entities with Properties: Department Department_ID ( PK ) Department_Name Department_Details Department_Leader Discipline Subject_Area_ID ( PK ) Subject_Area_Leader Subject_Area_Name Subject_Area_Details Department_ID ( FK ) Employee Employee_ID ( PK ) Employee_Leader Employee_Type Employee_Name Employee_JoiningDate Employee_Address Department_ID ( FK ) Plan Program_ID ( PK ) Program_Leader Program_Name Program_Type Program_Details Subject_Area_ID ( FK ) Registration Registration_ID ( PK ) Registration_Date Registration_Type Registration_cost Faculty Module_ID ( PK ) Module_Name Module_Leader Module_Details Module_Type Student_ID ( FK ) Program_ID ( FK ) Student Student_ID ( PK ) Student_Name Student_Type Student_Details Student_Address Module_ID ( FK ) Registration_ID ( FK ) Examination Exam_ID ( PK ) Exam_Details Exam_Name Exam_Date Exam_Time Student_ID ( FK ) Consequence Result_ID ( PK ) Result_Name Result_Type Result_Details Result_Date Result_time Exam_ID ( FK ) Coursework Coursework_ID ( PK ) Coursework_Name Coursework_Type Coursework_Details Student_ID ( FK ) Attendance Attendance_ID ( PK ) Attendance_Name Attendance_Type Attendance_Details Student_ID ( FK ) Advancement Progress_ID ( PK ) Progress_Type Progress_Details Entity Relationship Diagram ( ERD ) : Relationship sum-up: In my ERD plot some relation description are given in the below: In the Entity Relationship Diagram I find out the relation between section and capable country is one to many, because one section may hold many capable countries. In the scenario I can see one capable country may hold more plans. In the ERD diagram the relationship between plan and faculty is one to many. Many faculties are under of a plan. Module is used a foreign key of plans. In the ERD diagram the relationship between pupils and faculties are one to many, because one pupil may hold more than one faculty. In the relationship pupil primary key is used as a foreign key in the faculty entity. In the ERD diagram the relationship between pupil and test is one to many. One pupil may take part more tests. In the ERD diagram the relationship between pupil and coursework is one to many. One pupil may take part in the more coursework. In the ERD diagram the relationship between enrollment and pupil is one to many. The enrollment may be registers for more pupils at same clip. In the ERD diagram really I see the one to many dealingss. For this ground I include one to many relationships in the ERD diagram. In the existent life for database one to many relationship is perfect to me. Drumhead In this undertaking I draw an entity relationship diagram. To pull the diagram I find out some entities and properties of entities. To make this undertaking I besides learn about entities, properties and entity relationship diagram. Task-02 Introduction: It is said to normalise in the undertaking 2. For doing a database successfully Normalization must be needed. The activities of a database depend on standardization. Standardization helps to do a database rebelliously. In the undertaking I will seek to normalise for a section system in the organisation. The standardization occurs in some stairss. In the undermentioned stairss are given. Description: Standardization In the organisation all activities now depend on the computing machine system. Some corporate organisation need database system for commanding all information. As a consequence database is most popular and indispensable things in the universe. For doing a database successfully standardization is the traditional manner. Without standardization it is impossible to do a database. Standardization is the procedure is used to form the informations absolutely in a database. I normalize the section information for some specific intent. The intent of standardization is divided into two parts. Removing unneeded informations and guaranting informations dependences. If same informations stay in some tabular array together the database may victim. Often it may data in the unrelated tabular array. To work out these jobs we can be done standardization. The intents of standardization are worthy to diminish the sum of infinite a database consumes and guarantee that information is logically stored. Th e public presentation of database direction system depends on the standardization. Some stairss are indispensable for standardization. The stairss are given briefly in the followers: Gathering informations Gathering informations is the first measure of standardization. When I normalize I will roll up all information in the phase. I will implement all informations of this measure in the following measure. Choosing a key For making standardization a key is indispensable. The key is the chief informations for standardization. All informations depend on the key. The key must be one from garnering informations. First Normal Form ( 1NF ) Some functions have to follow in the stairss. Repeating informations in the standardization, sometime it may harmful for standardization, so it necessary to take reiterating informations in the standardization. Removing reiterating informations is the chief work in this undertaking. Second Normal Form ( 2NF ) Second normal signifier ( 2NF ) is used to different and take same informations in the database. The phase besides provides farther information for taking same informations in the database. The chief activities of the phase: The all informations of first normal signifier must be represented in the phase. Same information in the rows of database tabular array are removed in the phase. The relationship of new tabular array is made in the phase. Third Normal Form ( 3NF ) In the 3rd normal signifier some activities are occurred. The undermentioned activities are given in the below: All demands of the 2nd normal signifier are present in the phase. The activities of the phase is removed some columns that are non dependent upon the primary key. The taking informations and information are non depended on the primary key of tabular array. For this ground these columns informations and information are removed. Optimization Optimization is the last measure of standardization. I will bring forth the whole standardization by bring forthing a standardization diagram. The standardization diagram is symbol of a better database. If standardization tabular array is clear, informations base become clear. Gathering Datas Department_ID Department_Name Department_Details Department_Leader Capable Area_ID Capable Area_Leader Capable Area_Name Capable Area_Details employee_ID employee_Leader employee _Type employe _Name employee_JoiningDate Staff_Address Programme_ID Programme_Leader Programme_Name Programme_Type Programme_Details Student_ID Registration_ID Registration_Date Registration_Type Module_ID Module_Name Module_Leader Module_Description Module-Type Student_ID Student_Name Student_Type Student_Description Student_Address Module_ID Registration_ID Exam_ID Exam_Description Exam_Name Exam_Date Exam_Time Result_ID Result_Name Result_Type Result_Description Result_Date Result_time Coursework_ ID Coursework_Name Coursework_Type Coursework_Details Attendance_ID Attendance_Name Attendance_Type Attendance_Details Progress_ID Progress_Type Progress_Details Choosing a key: Student_id Converting to 1st Normal Form ( Remove to reiterating informations ) Student ( Repeating ) : Department_id Department_name Student_id Student_name Student_email Student_phone Student_address Study_mode Employee_id Employee_name Employee_phone Employee_email Employee_addresses Sexual activity Program_id Program_name Program_time Credit_id Total_course_marks Total_module_marks Total_credit Consequence Module_id Module_name Module_leader Module_year Capable Area ( Non Repeating ) : Subjectarea_id Subjectarea_name Subjectarea_Leader Converting to 2nd Normal Form ( Remove parcel cardinal dependance ) Student Student_id ( pk ) Student name Student electronic mail Studentphone Student reference Study manner Program Idaho ( fk ) Programe name Plan leader Recognition Recognition Idaho ( pk ) Student Idaho ( fk ) Entire coursework grade Exam grade Module grade Entire recognition Consequence Faculty Module Idaho ( pk Module leader Faculty name Programe Idaho ( fk ) Programe name Employee Employee Idaho ( pk ) Employee name Employee electronic mail Employee phone Employee reference Sexual activity Depatment Idaho ( fk ) Department name Department Department Idaho ( pk ) Department name Plan Program Idaho ( pk ) Capable country Idaho ( fk ) Capable country name Programe name Plan leader Capable country Capable country Idaho ( pk ) Capable country name Department Idaho ( fk ) Department name Capable country leader Converting to 3rd Normal Form: ( Remove not cardinal dependence ) : Department Department_id ( PK ) Department_name Capable Area Subjectarea_id ( PK ) Subjectarea_name Department_id ( FK ) Subjectarea_Leader ( FK ) Employee Employee_id ( PK ) Employee_name Employee_phone Employee_email Employee_addresses Sexual activity Department_id ( FK ) Student_module Student_id ( PK ) Module_id ( PK ) Plan Program_id ( PK ) Subjetarea_id ( FK ) Program_leader ( FK ) Program_name Program_time Faculty Module_id ( PK ) Module_name Module_leader ( FK ) Module_year Program_id ( FK ) Student Student_id ( PK ) Student_name Student_email Student_phone Student_address Study_mode Program_id ( FK ) Recognition Credit_id ( PK ) Student_id ( FK ) Module_id ( FK ) Total_course_marks Total_module_marks Total_credit Consequence Optimization: Summary: In the undertaking I normalized for a section. I normalize for keeping database direction system. To make this undertaking I analyzed about standardization. I think I normalized good. Clear standardization helps to do a better database direction system. I learned more about standardization to make this undertaking. Undertaking 3 Introduction: The undertaking 3 contains some subjects. Database Management System ( DBMS ) is component of the undertaking. I will make a database by utilizing Database Management System ( DBMS ) . There are some ways to do database. But I will make database in the SQL waiter, because it is easy and flexible to me. To do database I will do some tabular array, each tabular array will incorporate minimal 5 records. Description: Some stairss I followed to make this undertaking. The stairss and demands are given in the below: Database Management System ( DBMS ) : To pull off a database some strong functions are followed. Database direction system is a sort of environment where all sorts ‘ functions and ordinance are included. A database direction system ( DBMS ) works as a database director. Database Management System ( DBMS ) is computing machine plan or package. The package helps others computing machine users create and entree informations in a database. Anyone can entree the information, where information is located it is non fact, It manages user petitions so that users and other plans are free from holding to understand informations in a multi-user system, on storage media and, who else may besides be accessing the information. Database direction system checks the unity of the database. The DBMS besides manage the hallmark procedure, merely authorized user and authorised web can entree the database. DBMS helps to do a secure database. Database direction system ‘s environment helps to do a good relationship in the database. The activities for this undertaking are following: MY database: Generated Script from â€Å" Generate SQL Server Scripts Wizard † : SET ANSI_NULLS ON Travel SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ section ] ‘ ) AND type in ( N’U ‘ ) ) Get down CREATE TABLE [ dbo ] . [ section ] ( [ department_id ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NOT NULL, [ department_name ] [ nvarchar ] ( 50 ) NULL, CONSTRAINT [ PK_department ] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ( [ department_id ] ASC ) WITH ( IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF ) ON [ PRIMARY ] ) ON [ PRIMARY ] End Travel SET ANSI_NULLS ON Travel SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ employee ] ‘ ) AND type in ( N’U ‘ ) ) Get down CREATE TABLE [ dbo ] . [ employee ] ( [ employee_id ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NOT NULL, [ employee_name ] [ nvarchar ] ( 50 ) NULL, [ employee_email ] [ nvarchar ] ( 50 ) NULL, [ employee_phon ] [ int ] NULL, [ employee_address ] [ nvarchar ] ( 50 ) NULL, [ department_id ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NULL, [ sex ] [ nvarchar ] ( 1 ) NULL, CONSTRAINT [ PK_employee ] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ( [ employee_id ] ASC ) WITH ( IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF ) ON [ PRIMARY ] ) ON [ PRIMARY ] End Travel SET ANSI_NULLS ON Travel SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ subjectarea ] ‘ ) AND type in ( N’U ‘ ) ) Get down CREATE TABLE [ dbo ] . [ subjectarea ] ( [ subjectarea_id ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NOT NULL, [ subjectarea_name ] [ nvarchar ] ( 50 ) NULL, [ department_id ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NOT NULL, [ subjectarea_leader ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT [ PK_subjectarea ] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ( [ subjectarea_id ] ASC ) WITH ( IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF ) ON [ PRIMARY ] ) ON [ PRIMARY ] End Travel SET ANSI_NULLS ON Travel SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ plan ] ‘ ) AND type in ( N’U ‘ ) ) Get down CREATE TABLE [ dbo ] . [ plan ] ( [ program_id ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NOT NULL, [ subjectarea_id ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NULL, [ program_name ] [ nvarchar ] ( 50 ) NULL, [ program_leader ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NULL, [ program_time ] [ nvarchar ] ( 50 ) NULL, CONSTRAINT [ PK_program ] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ( [ program_id ] ASC ) WITH ( IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF ) ON [ PRIMARY ] ) ON [ PRIMARY ] End Travel SET ANSI_NULLS ON Travel SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ faculty ] ‘ ) AND type in ( N’U ‘ ) ) Get down CREATE TABLE [ dbo ] . [ faculty ] ( [ module_id ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NOT NULL, [ program_id ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NULL, [ module_leader ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NULL, [ module_name ] [ nvarchar ] ( 50 ) NULL, [ twelvemonth ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NULL, CONSTRAINT [ PK_module ] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ( [ module_id ] ASC ) WITH ( IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF ) ON [ PRIMARY ] ) ON [ PRIMARY ] End Travel SET ANSI_NULLS ON Travel SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ pupil ] ‘ ) AND type in ( N’U ‘ ) ) Get down CREATE TABLE [ dbo ] . [ pupil ] ( [ student_id ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NOT NULL, [ student_name ] [ nvarchar ] ( 50 ) NULL, [ student_email ] [ nvarchar ] ( 50 ) NULL, [ student_phon ] [ int ] NULL, [ student_address ] [ nvarchar ] ( 100 ) NULL, [ program_id ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NULL, [ StudyMode ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NULL, CONSTRAINT [ PK_student ] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ( [ student_id ] ASC ) WITH ( IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF ) ON [ PRIMARY ] ) ON [ PRIMARY ] End Travel SET ANSI_NULLS ON Travel SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ student_module ] ‘ ) AND type in ( N’U ‘ ) ) Get down CREATE TABLE [ dbo ] . [ student_module ] ( [ student_id ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NOT NULL, [ module_id ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT [ PK_student_module ] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ( [ student_id ] ASC, [ module_id ] ASC ) WITH ( IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF ) ON [ PRIMARY ] ) ON [ PRIMARY ] End Travel SET ANSI_NULLS ON Travel SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ recognition ] ‘ ) AND type in ( N’U ‘ ) ) Get down CREATE TABLE [ dbo ] . [ recognition ] ( [ credit_id ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NOT NULL, [ student_id ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NULL, [ module_id ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NULL, [ total_coursework_marks ] [ int ] NULL, [ exam_marks ] [ int ] NULL, [ total_module_marks ] [ int ] NULL, [ total_credits ] [ int ] NULL, [ consequence ] [ nchar ] ( 10 ) NULL, CONSTRAINT [ PK_credit ] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ( [ credit_id ] ASC ) WITH ( IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF ) ON [ PRIMARY ] ) ON [ PRIMARY ] End Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.foreign_keys WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ FK_employee_department ] ‘ ) AND parent_object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ employee ] ‘ ) ) ALTER TABLE [ dbo ] . [ employee ] WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT [ FK_employee_department ] FOREIGN KEY ( [ department_id ] ) REFERENCES [ dbo ] . [ section ] ( [ department_id ] ) Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.foreign_keys WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ FK_subjectarea_department ] ‘ ) AND parent_object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ subjectarea ] ‘ ) ) ALTER TABLE [ dbo ] . [ subjectarea ] WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT [ FK_subjectarea_department ] FOREIGN KEY ( [ department_id ] ) REFERENCES [ dbo ] . [ section ] ( [ department_id ] ) Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.foreign_keys WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ FK_subjectarea_employee ] ‘ ) AND parent_object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ subjectarea ] ‘ ) ) ALTER TABLE [ dbo ] . [ subjectarea ] WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT [ FK_subjectarea_employee ] FOREIGN KEY ( [ subjectarea_leader ] ) REFERENCES [ dbo ] . [ employee ] ( [ employee_id ] ) Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.foreign_keys WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ FK_program_employee ] ‘ ) AND parent_object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ plan ] ‘ ) ) ALTER TABLE [ dbo ] . [ plan ] WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT [ FK_program_employee ] FOREIGN KEY ( [ program_leader ] ) REFERENCES [ dbo ] . [ employee ] ( [ employee_id ] ) Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.foreign_keys WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ FK_program_subjectarea ] ‘ ) AND parent_object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ plan ] ‘ ) ) ALTER TABLE [ dbo ] . [ plan ] WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT [ FK_program_subjectarea ] FOREIGN KEY ( [ subjectarea_id ] ) REFERENCES [ dbo ] . [ subjectarea ] ( [ subjectarea_id ] ) Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.foreign_keys WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ FK_module_employee ] ‘ ) AND parent_object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ faculty ] ‘ ) ) ALTER TABLE [ dbo ] . [ faculty ] WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT [ FK_module_employee ] FOREIGN KEY ( [ module_leader ] ) REFERENCES [ dbo ] . [ employee ] ( [ employee_id ] ) Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.foreign_keys WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ FK_module_program ] ‘ ) AND parent_object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ faculty ] ‘ ) ) ALTER TABLE [ dbo ] . [ faculty ] WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT [ FK_module_program ] FOREIGN KEY ( [ program_id ] ) REFERENCES [ dbo ] . [ plan ] ( [ program_id ] ) Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.foreign_keys WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ FK_student_program ] ‘ ) AND parent_object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ pupil ] ‘ ) ) ALTER TABLE [ dbo ] . [ pupil ] WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT [ FK_student_program ] FOREIGN KEY ( [ program_id ] ) REFERENCES [ dbo ] . [ plan ] ( [ program_id ] ) Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.foreign_keys WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ FK_student_module_module ] ‘ ) AND parent_object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ student_module ] ‘ ) ) ALTER TABLE [ dbo ] . [ student_module ] WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT [ FK_student_module_module ] FOREIGN KEY ( [ module_id ] ) REFERENCES [ dbo ] . [ faculty ] ( [ module_id ] ) Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.foreign_keys WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ FK_student_module_student ] ‘ ) AND parent_object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ student_module ] ‘ ) ) ALTER TABLE [ dbo ] . [ student_module ] WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT [ FK_student_module_student ] FOREIGN KEY ( [ student_id ] ) REFERENCES [ dbo ] . [ pupil ] ( [ student_id ] ) Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.foreign_keys WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ FK_credit_module ] ‘ ) AND parent_object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ recognition ] ‘ ) ) ALTER TABLE [ dbo ] . [ recognition ] WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT [ FK_credit_module ] FOREIGN KEY ( [ module_id ] ) REFERENCES [ dbo ] . [ faculty ] ( [ module_id ] ) Travel IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.foreign_keys WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ FK_credit_student ] ‘ ) AND parent_object_id = OBJECT_ID ( N ‘ [ dbo ] . [ recognition ] ‘ ) ) ALTER TABLE [ dbo ] . [ recognition ] WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT [ FK_credit_student ] FOREIGN KEY ( [ student_id ] ) REFERENCES [ dbo ] . [ pupil ] ( [ student_id ] ) Summary: I used SQL waiter for doing database. I draw the diagram by utilizing normalized diagram. Some tabular arraies I created to bring forth the diagram of database. I included all table mean five records. To make the undertaking absolutely I show all tabular arraies screen shot with records. Undertaking 4 Introduction The chief activities are said in the undertaking. In the undertaking I will quire of my database. Now in the undertaking I will seek to implement. I will verify the operation of database. I will quire of the database harmonizing the outlook of the undertaking. I will follow the activities harmonizing the undertaking. Description: In the undertaking I have to make questions for find out some demands these are said to make in the undertaking. In the undermentioned these activities are given in the below: 1. Name callings of all the Subject Area Leaders ( SALs ) Querie: SELECT dbo.subjectarea.subjectarea_leader, dbo.employee.employee_name, dbo.subjectarea.subjectarea_name FROM dbo.employee INNER JOIN dbo.subjectarea ON dbo.employee.employee_id = dbo.subjectarea.subjectarea_leader End product: PLs along with the name ( s ) of the capable country Querie: SELECT dbo.program.program_leader, dbo.employee.employee_id, dbo.program.program_name FROM dbo.employee INNER JOIN dbo.program ON dbo.employee.employee_id = dbo.program.program_leader End product: MLs along with the name ( s ) of the capable country SELECT dbo.module.module_leader, dbo.employee.employee_name, dbo.module.module_name FROM dbo.employee INNER JOIN dbo.module ON dbo.employee.employee_id = dbo.module.module_leader 2. Expose the undermentioned information for the â€Å" Artificial Intelligence † capable country: a ) The list of plans that belong to that capable country ; Querie: SELECT program_name FROM dbo.program WHERE ( subjectarea_id = ‘sa-03 ‘ ) End product: B ) The list of faculties that belong to these plans ; Querie: SELECT dbo.program.program_id, dbo.module.module_name FROM dbo.program INNER JOIN dbo.module ON dbo.program.program_id = dbo.module.program_id WHERE ( dbo.program.subjectarea_id = ‘sa-03 ‘ ) degree Celsius ) The list of pupils who have awarded a Pass for one of the faculties Querie: SELECT DISTINCT C.student_id, student.student_name, C.module_id, module.module_name, C.result FROM recognition AS C INNER JOIN faculty ON C.module_id = module.module_id INNER JOIN pupil ON C.student_id = student.student_id INNER JOIN plan ON module.program_id = program.program_id AND student.program_id = program.program_id INNER JOIN subjectarea ON program.subjectarea_id = subjectarea.subjectarea_id WHERE ( C.result = ‘pass ‘ ) AND ( subjectarea.subjectarea_id = ‘sa-03 ‘ ) End product: 3. Expose the name of all the pupils who belong to one plan – you can take which plan – of the â€Å" Database † capable country, along with the undermentioned information: a ) Their twelvemonth of survey ; Querie: SELECT DISTINCT dbo.student.student_id, dbo.student.student_name, dbo.program.program_id, dbo.program.program_name, dbo.module.year FROM dbo.student INNER JOIN dbo.program ON dbo.student.program_id = dbo.program.program_id INNER JOIN dbo.module ON dbo.program.program_id = dbo.module.program_id INNER JOIN dbo.student_module ON dbo.student.student_id = dbo.student_module.student_id AND dbo.module.module_id = dbo.student_module.module_id WHERE ( dbo.program.subjectarea_id = ‘sa-01 ‘ ) End product: B ) The faculties they study ; Querie: SELECT DISTINCT dbo.student.student_id, dbo.student.student_name, dbo.module.module_name, dbo.student_module.module_id, dbo.student.program_id, dbo.program.program_name FROM dbo.student INNER JOIN dbo.program ON dbo.student.program_id = dbo.program.program_id INNER JOIN dbo.module ON dbo.program.program_id = dbo.module.program_id INNER JOIN dbo.student_module ON dbo.student.student_id = dbo.student_module.student_id AND dbo.module.module_id = dbo.student_module.module_id WHERE ( dbo.program.subjectarea_id = ‘sa-01 ‘ ) End product: degree Celsiuss ) Their test and coursework Markss for these faculties Querie: SELECT dbo.credit.student_id, dbo.student.student_name, dbo.credit.module_id, dbo.module.module_name, dbo.credit.total_coursework_marks, dbo.credit.exam_marks, dbo.student.program_id FROM dbo.credit INNER JOIN dbo.module ON dbo.credit.module_id = dbo.module.module_id INNER JOIN dbo.student ON dbo.credit.student_id = dbo.student.student_id INNER JOIN dbo.program ON dbo.module.program_id = dbo.program.program_id AND dbo.student.program_id = dbo.program.program_id where program.subjectarea_id=’sa-01 ‘ End product: Summary: Some quires are done in the undertaking harmonizing the functions of assignment. I finished the undertaking really carefully. As a proven I show some screen shooting of quires. I besides show SQL quires in the assignment. Undertaking 5 Introduction: There are five undertakings in the assignment. Each undertaking is made for a specific and different subject. Such a undertaking is task 5. In the undertaking 5 I will seek to stand for a study for whole assignment. The study will incorporate the description of my system design for a section of an organisation. In this study I will besides include the inside informations information about undertaking one to five. Description In the phase I will seek to give a solution for this study. Title Report no- Database Design and Development Recipient- Mrs Jesmin Aktar Author- Shanta Maria Introduction of my premise: The rubric of the assignment is College Database Development. The college needs a computerized system for keeping the activities of a section. To keeping the section activities the college needs an ideal database direction system. To complete these activities of this assignment I mentioned each subject for the assignment in the separately. I think I learned more things as pupil, to make this assignment. After completing each undertaking right I will bring forth a study for discover my accomplishment on my analysis, design and thought accomplishment. Overview of whole assignment: The sum-up of the whole assignment, I want to bring forth a study. The study is given at the below: Undertaking 1 Entity An Entity is a existent thing such as a tabular array or signifier. An Entity contains some information about himself. The information of entity can assist for designation of entity. Properties Attributes refers the inside informations information of an Entity. There are many types are fixed for property. These values are like numeral, Characters, Integer etc. Properties are the chief belongings of entities. Entity Relationship Diagram ( ERD ) An entity-relationship diagram is a diagram for informations patterning. Entity relationship diagram ensures the relationships between entities, the entities, and within an information system. Entity relationship diagram makes a database good understand. There are three type relationships in the Entity Relationship Diagram ( ERD ) One to One One to Many Many to Many The chief constituents of Entity Relationship Diagram ( ERD ) Entity Properties Relationship Cardinality Undertaking 2 Standardization Some corporate organisation need database system for commanding all information. To command information of organisation database must be needed. As a consequence database is most popular and indispensable things in the universe. Without standardization it is impossible to do a database. Standardization is the procedure is used to form the informations absolutely in a database. I normalize the section information for some specific intent. The intents of standardization are worthy to diminish the sum of infinite a database consumes and guarantee that information is logically stored. The public presentation of database direction system depends on the standardization. Some stairss are indispensable for standardization. In the assignment I followed some stairss for standardization. The stairss are given in the below: Gathering informations Choosing a key First Normal Form ( 1NF ) Second Normal Form ( 2NF ) Third Normal Form ( 3NF ) Optimization Undertaking 3 I used SQL waiter to do database in this undertaking. Making database was the function of the undertaking. As a consequence I designed a diagram and a database in the undertaking. Undertaking 4 The undertaking holds information for SQL quires. Harmonizing the undertaking some quires are made to use in the database. To make SQL quires in the undertaking I learned more things about SQL bid and other secure information of SQL waiter. Footings of mention: The scope for investigated system is extended. All the inside informations about the system hold given. The current system and the new system image are clear in the scenario. Anyone can see and compare the scenario. The study focuses on the section of an organisation. The study is bring forthing with a inside informations description and information of the complete system analysis and design portion for the section of an organisation. Procedures and methods: In my assignment I used some techniques. I have investigated all the process in many ways. In the assignment I followed the operation and practically system of college and others pull offing activities. The chief process and method of the assignment is to settle the current system jobs and besides to present an ideal database system of the academy theatre for keeping the section procedure. In this assignment I used entity relationship diagram and other demands and processs. Recommendation: Harmonizing the users demands and after probe the system, I could happen out some jobs and some other job in the college development diagram. The keeping system of the college development diagram was really hard to pull off. To work out the jobs I provide the new IT system. I will seek and bring forth the really easy manner to pull off the college development diagram for keeping procedure or systems in the new database system of College Database Development. Requirement hardware: To set up the procedure some hardware and package are really indispensable. The name or hardware demands are given in the followers: Personal computer ( Include all hardware ) Network Connection SQL waiter Windows XP .NET model Future program for my database: In the assignment I produced a database direction system for a college section. There are many sections of the college. I will include more information about more sections in the database at future. To implement my database I will utilize latest tools. I will seek to happen how manner I can implement the database. Appendix: Entity Relationship Diagram ( ERD ) : Optimization diagram: Database Summary: There are five undertakings in the assignment. The assignment contains some subjects of database. As a pupil any one can larn about database direction system from the topic. The undertaking five contains information of an premise. In the undertaking I tried to supply an ideal premise about the whole assignment. How to cite Entity Relationship Diagram Analysis, Essay examples

Grendel in Beowulf free essay sample

Grendel in Beowulf BY Jdtng99 Jeffrey Ding Period 5 Grendel Grendel is the main antagonist in the story so far. In the most basic terms, Grendel is a giant, cannibal creature dwelling in the outer darkness. He is first described as a demon that bears the curse of the seed of Cain, this means hes a member of a resented and exiled lineage that includes marauding monsters and menacing trolls. Like Cain, Grendel is an outcast and haunts the swamplands on the boundary of human society. Although the poem doesnt have an explicit description f Grendel, his supernatural actions like killing thirty spearmen and carrying them all back to his den and waging war against every Danish man of might show that he is strong and almost invincible. Although most of the poems description centers on the Christian point of view on Grendel, the commentary shows that Grendel has roots in Scandinavian folklore and is a mix of the devilish fgure with the draugr figure which is a more animated and vengeful version of a zombie. We will write a custom essay sample on Grendel in Beowulf or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Draugrs usually have a mother who is even stronger and more evil than he and this is true of Grendel as well. Another crucial attribute of Grendels is his stealth which allows him to prowl and sneak up on unsuspecting warriors as he hunts at night. One last, interesting part of Grendels description is that he is ale to wield magic and cast spells because during the battle he protects himself from iron blades. Grendels nature and his motivations for his evil deeds are crucial to understanding the character as a whole. I think there are two forces at work in causing Grendel to commit these acts of violence. The first is loneliness and resentment for being exiled to the swamplands. This is further supported because Grendel is a member of Cains lineage who God himself had exiled and put a curse on. More specifically, Grendel feels pain and Jealousy because he hears the sounds of happiness and sweet music everyday from Hrothgars meadhall. He acts on this jealousy and desire to be accepted by spying on the Danes after the feast. At this point, I think that the second force that determines Grendels nature and motivations takes over. Grendel still has evil blood and is malicious in spirit which causes him to kill the thirty spearmen that are asleep in the hall and go on to kill even more in this ar he fghts against Hrothgar. Its important to note that Grendel feels no guilt for what he is done which means he is truly evil in nature. Additionally the way he fghts and kills men is very loathsome, because he prowls in the mist until he can trap wary or weak warriors. When he actually does have to fght someone strong in Beowulf, Grendel first kills a leeping thane and during the fierce battle Grendels courage fades. This articulates a clear contrast between Grendel and Beowulf in that Grendel is extremely dishonorable and has no Justification for his killings. Thus, despite some legitimate feelings of resentment and Jealousy that cause Grendel to target Hrothgars meadhall and to spy on it, his ultimate course of action which included mass violence was tueled mostly by his evil and malicious nature. Grendel plays a crucial role as the antagonist in the early stages of the story but he is also a important symbol. Grendel represents the evil that is inherent in human nature and his actions represent the worst forms of expression of this evil nature. Despite this, I also think that Grendel is a good symbol for the outsider who is xcluded from society and violently reacts to this repression. Finally, Grendel represents fear, because when darkness comes all the thanes left Heorot empty and still and people lost hope. Another way in which Grendel is an important character is his interaction with Beowulf and what the fght and Grendels eventual defeat implies. Beowulfs defeat of Grendel shows triumph of confidence and hope over evil through both strength and virtue. Thus, Grendels nature and contrasts in his description compared to Beowulf are also important indicators of major themes in the poem.

Research Proposal on Fear of Crime Essay Example

Research Proposal on Fear of Crime Essay Fear of crime is the phenomenon of the fear of becoming a victim of a crime. Fear of crime can be called a certain type of the psychological disorder or mainly phobia. The person is afraid of becoming an integral part of the crime, so to get involved into this act. Fear of crime is often connected with the fear of youth, as the young people are often associated with crime being rough and emotional. When the person suffers from the fear of crime, this influences her life negatively and makes it complicated. The person starts avoiding walking in the crowded places fearing that the big number of people improves the risk of being involved into the crime. In addition, the person tries to walk only in the familiar places in the particular hours believing that stability and predictability of the situation will help her to avoid crime. The person also applies preventive measures to avoid crime, including the means of self-defense and high expenses on the alarm systems to prevent stealth of the automobile or to stop burglars penetrating into the house. The fear of crime is also a positive thing, because the person starts to think about her safety, improves the means of self-defense, etc. Of course, if the fear is very strong, it turns into the certain paranoia and the person sees a threat of crime everywhere. In order to help one get rid of the fear of crime, he survives the therapy with a psychologist, who defines the reasons of the fear and clears up the real possibility of crime for a common person. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Fear of Crime specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Fear of Crime specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Fear of Crime specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Fear of crime is a kind of paranoia or phobia which is based on the psychological fear of participation in the crime in the role of a victim. The student who is going to research the topic deeper is supposed to study the origin of the fear, the types of the fear, its influence on the human life and social relations. The research proposal should convince the professor that the topic on fear of crime is a worthy one and the investigation and explanation by the student will improve the condition of the problem and illustrate the possible solutions to the existing problem. The main complicated moment related with research proposal writing is to choose the right manner of writing. The Internet is the reliable helper of every student and young people can read a free example research proposal on fear of crime composed the writer who knows the topic well. Under the assistance of a free sample research proposal on fear of crime one can prepare a well-analyzed persuasive paper which can be accepted by the most demanding professor. NOTE!!! All free sample research proposals and examples on Fear of Crime are 100% plagiarized, we are here to help you! EssayLib.com is a leading research proposal writing service, which can offer you the solution you have been looking for. With thousands of written research papers and proposals for Master’s and PhD degrees, we can give you exactly what you need at very affordable prices. Our experienced writers will prove you that high quality and exclusivity is a trademark of our products. We can guarantee your confidentiality and promise you strict on time delivery. There are many reasons for EssayLib.com to become your favorite research proposal writing service, but all we are asking you – just give us a try!

Music Unit 2 Text Essay Example

Music Unit 2 Text Essay Example Music Unit 2 Text Essay Music Unit 2 Text Essay Music Appreciation Text Questions Please complete the following questions. It is important that you use full sentences and present the questions and answers when you submit your work. Submit the work as a file attachment. This means you complete all work in a word processing document (e. g. , Microsoft Word) and attach the file using the dropbox tool. Use the Unit 2: Text Questions dropbox basket. The answers to the Review Critical Thinking questions are worth 10 points. Review Questions 1. What is popular music? 2. What theme does pop music typically use in the lyrics? Describe one pop song that uses this theme. Why is this theme such a popular one? 3. What is disco? What are the characteristics of this music? 4. What was the British Invasion? Which famous group was a part of this movement? What impact did the group have on pop music? 5. What is a boy band? What are some characteristics of a boy band? Critical Thinking Questions 1. Some of the music in the 1960s was used to protest social and political issues. Is music still used as a form of protest? Why or why not? 2. One of the changes in the music industry during the twentieth century was the increasing commercialization of music. Has music become too commercial? Why or why not? Do you think that artists are creating music for money or for other reasons today? 3. How has technology impacted pop music? Describe at least three technological changes that impacted and shaped pop music today or in the past. 4. Pop music has often been seen as youth music. Why do you think pop music appeals to younger individuals? How has the industry promoted this idea? 5. What is one popular pop artist or group (from today or from the past)? Why does this person/group’s music fit into the pop genre? Why do you think the person/group was successful with their music?

Biology lesson 4 Exam Essay Example for Free (#4)

Biology lesson 4 Exam Essay Question 1 2 points Save Plant seed coats, mycorrhizae, and cuticles are examples of ways plants have adapted to life on land. evolutionary adaptations to limit water absorption. mechanisms to enhance carbon dioxide release. both b and c. (page 502) Question 2 2 points Save The advantages of vascular tissue over nonvascular tissue are evident in whether organisms have alternation of generations. an organism’s size and complexity. (page 504) the number of individual offspring produced by each organism. all of the above. Question 3 2 points Save The typical vascular plant sporophyte  includes the developing embryo. has roots, shoots, and meristems. has specialized tissues that develop into conducting vessels. both b and c. (page 507) Question 4 2 points Save Fruits and vegetables provide ____________ and are important sources of _____________ . nutrients; carbohydrates dietary fiber; protein protein; vitamins and minerals dietary fiber; vitamins and minerals (page 516) Question 5 2 points Save More than 70 percent of the world’s cultivated farmland is used for growing _________ rich in ____________. fruits; carbohydrates and fiber roots; starch  grains; carbohydrates and fiber (page 518) legumes; Protein Question 6 2 points Save Several nonfood uses of plants include paper, synthetic clothing, and building material. medicines, rayon, and lumber. (pages 520-523) ceramics, cabinets, and rope. violins, ivory, and rubber. Question 7 2 points Save Salicin, derived from the bark of willow trees, is the starting compound used to make paper. clothes. rubber. aspirin. (page 522) Question 8 2 points Save Medicinal uses of plants include all of the following EXCEPT cancer treatment. treatment of cardiac disorders. decongestant. Albinism treatment. (page 521) Question 9 2 points Save Two plants that are used to make BOTH paper and cloth are bamboo and flax. flax and cotton. (page 522) sisal and bamboo. rice and cotton. Question 10 2 points Save Refer to the illustration below – it shows the stem of a coleus plant. The tissue labeled A, which gives support to the vascular structures in the plant stem, is called vascular tissue. dermal tissue. epidermis. ground tissue. (pages 552-553) Question 11 2 points Save Protection, water and mineral absorption, and gas exchange are all functions of dermal tissue. (page 553)  vascular bundles. mesophyll cells. heartwood. Question 12 2 points Save The â€Å"plumbing system† that transports water and nutrients throughout a plant is called epidermis. vascular tissue. (page 554) pith. transpiration. Question 13 2 points Save The movement of water through a plant is caused, in part, by the attraction of water molecules for each other. osmosis. transpiration. (page 560) all of the above. Question 14 2 points Save The stomata are responsible for translocation. leaf growth. regulating water loss. (page 560) the transport of minerals. Question 15 2 points Save. The guard cells that surround a stoma have no walls. swell with water, causing the stoma to open. (page 561) shrivel up when opening the stoma. are responsible for translocation. Question 16 2 points Save Seed germination in a bean sprout uses a hooked shoot to protect the sprout tip from damage. (page 572) occurs after the seed coat has been damaged. is aided by a protective sheath which covers the shoot tip. only occurs after the soil has warmed to 17oC. Question 17 2 points Save Corn plants are perennial plants, storing nutrients in their roots for the next year. Must have their seeds exposed to fire before they germinate. have secondary growth that makes the stems resistant to damage. have sheaths that cover the growing shoot during germination. (page 572) Question 18 2 points Save Growth by cell division that makes both ends of a plant longer but not wider is called secondary growth. annual ring growth. vascular growth. primary growth. (page 574) Question 19 2 points Save The secondary xylem and phloem form from cork cambium. vascular cambium. apical meristems. bark. (page 574) Question 20 2 points Save. One difference between a gastrovascular cavity and a one-way digestive system is the presence or absence of cell specialization. (page 605) digestive enzymes. digestion within body cells. a moist membrane for nutrient diffusion. Question 21 2 points Save In an open circulatory system, water is drawn into the mantle cavity to provide oxygen to body tissues. lungs branch into small tubules to provide oxygen to tissues. wastes are eliminated directly to the environment from tissues. body tissues are bathed directly in fluid containing oxygen. (page 606) Question 22 2 points Save. The system that does not allow for direct contact between oxygen-carrying cells and tissues is called a one-way digestive system. the excretory system. a closed circulatory system. (page 606) an open respiratory system. Question 23 7 points Save Match the animal systems in Column I with their functions in Column II. digestive – E. break down food excretory – B. removal of waste products skeletal – C. body support and movement circulatory – D. transport nutrients and oxygen nervous – A. coordinate body activities respiratory – F. perform cellular metabolism reproductive – G. carry on the species. Biology lesson 4 Exam. (2017, May 23).

Position Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Position Paper - Essay Example This in a way is a debate of nature vs. nurture. The fact is that some of these differences are strictly biological whereas others can be influenced by the environment children are raised in. People’s mental and emotional performance as adults has a strong connection to their parents perceptions of their genders during their childhood. Although many parents in the contemporary society tend to provide their children with the same kind of upbringing without any distinction on the basis of gender thus educating them alike and offering them same opportunities of play and recreation, yet prejudice ultimately causes them to restrain the physical activity of their daughters unconsciously. The way children and their behavior is perceived by the parents shapes the way they treat their children as well as the experiences children are given. â€Å"Since life leaves footprints on the very structure and function of the brain, these various experiences produce sex differences in adult beha vior and brains—the result not of innate and inborn nature but of nurture† (Begley, 2009). Parents raise their children with definite perceptions that instill in their personalities over time. Daughters are raised with this perception that they would have to leave the home one day to live with their husbands. This perception is inculcated in them that shyness, delicacy, and cleanliness are the expected behaviors and/or traits from them. On the other hand, boys are raised with the perception that they would have to earn and support the family one day and that the expected traits of them include physical strength, aggression, and smartness. Understanding these overt or hidden messages received repeatedly from their parents, children start working toward attaining these goals, thus developing differences across genders over the passage of time. Although parents may influence the mental and emotional performance of their children, they have no control over their physical de velopment. Parents having only daughters in the conservative societies where women are not empowered have a tendency to raise at least one of the daughters as a son. This concept is frequently captured in many movies and newspapers frequently. Even recently, a Saudi woman named Saliha disguised herself as a man with consent of her father in order to be able to become a bus driver and earn some money to assist her family financially, news reported in Al-Sharq Arabic Newspaper. Saliha said, â€Å"I live with my parents and four sisters and our conditions are very difficult†¦ I looked at [my father’s] poor health condition and advanced age and I requested him to allow me to replace him, especially that I was a good driver† (Saliha cited in â€Å"Gender no bar†). Even in such cases, the parents might develop a greater level of comfort between their daughter and men in the society so that their daughter can interact with them without hesitation that typically pe rsists between men and women during interaction, yet they cannot change her biological features. Such characters in the movie are overly dressed in baggy clothes to hide the curves and artificial moustaches are applied on the face. In spite of the obvious link of the physical differences of men and women to biology, biology alone is not responsible for other physical behaviors that are displayed by men and women e.g. their susceptibility to diseases. â€Å"Rarely does biology act alone to determine health inequities. Social

The Global Pharmaceutical Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Global Pharmaceutical Industry - Case Study Example The global pharmaceutical industry is quite unusual and in various geographic markets there happens to only one powerful buyer, i.e. the government. During the 80s and 90s the governments round the globe started to concentrate on the pharmaceuticals as some kind of an easy target in order to control the expenditures related to healthcare and get greater value for money. These typed of activities by the governments is just a reflection of the cultural differences. The industry in true sense has got global and hence the employment and ownership has become concentrated in very few countries. Regulators have quite often been challenged to reduce the overburdening of the growing areas related to the area of biotechnology research.   There are also increasing pressure from inter country pricing inequality as well as parallel trade. One such example would the difference between USA and Canada (Henry, 2008, p. 89).Economic ForcesPatients usually have had very little influence on the choice of price and products, because the doctors make the prescription. Again the medical practitioners tend to favor branded products. On the other hand the incentives to buy products got decreased as the costs were reimbursed or assumed by the insurers or the heath care authorities. The supply of the pharmaceutical market is still quite fragmented as very few companies are holding a share of more than 11%-20%. The industry has the presence of some strong international player’s bases in France, Japan and India in the form of Ranbaxy.... One such example would the difference between USA and Canada (Henry, 2008, p. 89). Economic Forces Patients usually have had very little influence on the choice of price and products, because the doctors make the prescription. Again the medical practitioners tend to favor branded products. On the other hand the incentives to buy products got decreased as the costs were reimbursed or assumed by the insurers or the heath care authorities. The supply of the pharmaceutical market is still quite fragmented as very few companies are holding a share of more than 11%-20%. The industry has the presence of some strong international player’s bases in France, Japan and India in the form of Ranbaxy. However, the recent economic down turn has meant that the companies had to reduce the spending on R&D and as a result number of new products that were supposed to reach the market has fallen (Churchill, 2009, p.211). Social Forces The baby boom generation is approaching retirement and there hav e been new efforts on the part of the companies to serve the purpose of treatment of the elderly. The end users are now a lot better informed about the products. The rise of the internet has helped the customers to get valuable info about pharmacy based products quite easily. Consumers have become a lot educated and as a result a lot more demanding (Brown, 2009, p. 209). Technological Forces Technological factors can actually lower the market entry barriers and reduce the efficient production levels and influence the outsourcing decisions. Some of the factors include the R&D activities, rate of technology change and technology incentives. One of the major implications of the technological development has been the development of drugs that can help

How Do We Communicate Nonverbally Essay Example for Free

How Do We Communicate Nonverbally Essay Communication is the process of sharing information, ideas and feelings through the use of spoken (verbal), written, or gestures (non verbal). Along the way in the evolutionary process, where we gained in the areas of technology, education and travel, we’re somewhat lagging in the art of nonverbal communication. We’re trained to prefer words to communicate, often overlooking tell-tale nonverbal cue, which can range from a nod or a smile to a momentary frown and fist clench or a seemingly nonchalant shrug of the shoulders. Research has proved over and again that 93% of communication is conducted nonverbally, of which 38% is through vocal tones ( the intensity and pitch) and another 55% is through ones facial expressions. Body language is the oldest language but its components are significantly varying across cultures and geographical boundaries. For instance, the â€Å"OK† gesture in the American culture is a symbol for money in Japan. The same gesture is obscene in some Latin American countries. People are generally comfortable with others who have â€Å"body language† similar to their own. When one persons nonverbal language matches that of another, there is increased comfort and the barriers in communication are significantly reduced. However, the communicating process can also be hampered by conflicting words. You could be saying one thing but your body would be telling the receiver something completely different. This discrepancy in verbal and nonverbal communication is the reason that causes confusion. Experts advise that when confronted with such a conflict, listen, but with your eyes! The importance and impact of nonverbal communication cannot be stressed on enough. You can understand a person entirely just by reading his body language. He can give away his personality, his feelings, his fears, his perception of himself and of someone else, his leadership style – in short, all there is to a person are honestly communicated through the nonverbal signals he gives off. Whether we choose to emphasize the former or the latter, the silent language is much louder than it first appears. Sources: ( 1 )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.selectassesstrain.com/hint6.asp ( 2 )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Burgoon, J. K., Buller, D. B., Woodall, W. G. (19996). Nonverbal Communication: The unspoken dialogue (2nd Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill

Guilt and Shame in Some Thoughts Concerning Education and Robinson Crus

Guilt and Shame in Some Thoughts Concerning Education and Robinson Crusoe  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century England, a major transition was occurring; attitudes were shifting towards a more sensibility-based perspective, in which the "warrior" mentality of earlier times was falling out of fashion, in favor of sensitive "gentlemen." Such gentlemen were expected to be morally sound, well-educated, "enlightened." Yet, despite all this, men were still expected to be masculine to be able to take control of a situation or solve a particular problem. John Locke postulated that all of this could be encouraged in young men via their education. Sadly, he found that no educational program at the time was up to the task. He argued that one of the foremost goals of education should be responsible self-government, or the ability to determine properly what to do and what not to do without an external authority commanding it. This ideal became very en vogue among sensible folk at this time many Englishmen (as well as other Europeans) wanted to be so moral ly upright that they need only answer to themselves. Locke, of course, had some thoughts on this, and those thoughts revolved chiefly around (of all things) shame. Some Thoughts Concerning Education was first published by Locke in 1693. The ideas it advocated were progressive, even by today's standards. One point he makes very clear is that physical rewards and punishments (as a system of encouraging morally-correct behavior) are ineffective in raising children to be responsible, moral adults (38 - 39). As an alternative, he suggested the following: Esteem and disgrace are, of all others, the most powerful incentives to the mind, when once it is brought to relish ... ...other is standing nearby with a scornful eye, but true self-governance is about much more than that. Locke knew this to be true, and I think it's obvious that Defoe agreed emphatically enough to base one of the most successful novels in history on very similar views.    Works Cited Bredvold, Louis I. The Natural History of Sensibility. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1962 Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. New York: Bantam Books, 1991 ("Defoe") Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe, Norton Critical Edition. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1975 ("Norton") Locke, John. Some Thoughts Concerning Education, The Works of John Locke, vol. 9. London: 1823 Moore, C. Backgrounds of English Literature 1700-1760. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1953 Yolton, John W. John Locke and Education. New York: Random House, Inc., 1971   

Geography of Food Paper Essay

The current population is 85 million, of which 83 is Roman Catholic, 9 percent Protestant, 5 percent Muslim, and 3 percent other religions (Dalton, 2007). The country has more than 150 languages and dialects. The main languages are Tagalog, English, Cebuano (spoken in Cebu), Ilocano (north Luzon), Ilonggo (Iloilo), Bicol, Waray (Leyte), Pampango and Pangasinense (both in Luzon) (Dalton, 2007). The major industries of the Philippines are textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, electronics assembly, petroleum refining and fishing. Its primary agricultural products include rice, coconuts, corn, sugar cane, bananas, pineapples and mangoes (Dalton, 2007). Below (Figure 1) is a basic map of the Philippines. This map just gives us an idea of the size and location of the Philippines. The country is located in Southeast Asia, north of Malaysia and south of Taiwan. As we can see, the country is made up of many big and small islands. It is considered an archipelago and therefore it is surrounded by various water forms. Figure 1 Basic Map of Philippines Principal Foods Filipino foods are always very rich and diverse in flavour. Food is an integral part of Filipino culture, whether it be social, economic, or even religious. They value food highly and perceive it as a way of bringing families and communities together. Food is a significant facet of Filipino beliefs and traditions, one of which are the customary fiestas often held in various villages around the country. On average, 60% of the total budget is spent on food while 40% goes to non-food items. Among the food items, the largest single item is rice consumption, which takes up about 16% of the total household budget. Around 9% is spent on meat, 7% on vegetables and fruits, 7% on fish and 4% on eggs and dairy products (Fuwa, Marciano, & Reano, 2010, p. 3). Filipino foods are also rich in history and innovation. While its roots are mostly influenced by the multitude of ingredients found naturally in the Philippines, it is also inspired by Chinese, Spanish, Arab, Malay and American cuisines (Roa & Roa). The Chinese people, who came to trade, influenced Filipino wives with their cooking such as pansit (noodles), lumpia (vegetables rolled in edible wrappers), siopao (steamed filled buns), and siomai (dumplings). Then when the Spaniards came, they brought influences from not just Spain but also Mexico. They introduced new flavours and ingredients such as cheese, ham, olive oil, saffron, paprika and cured sausages. They introduced paella, which was a dish cooked in fields by Spanish workers combining pork, chicken, seafood, ham, sausages and vegetables, bangus (silvery milkfish), and ensaymada, which are brioche cakes buttered, sugared and sprinkled with cheese (Alejandro & Fernandez, 1998, p. 8). The most noteworthy influence of Americans on Filipino food culture is fast food, the biggest of which is McDonalds. Before discussing the principal ingredients in Philippines food, we first look into a few of the most common dishes of the country. One of the most popular dishes is adobo, which is braised chicken, pork, beef, or fish cooked in soy sauce, vinegar, garlic and other spices (Roa & Roa). Another favourite is sinigang, which is a boiled sour soup made of fish, shrimps, pork, beef or chicken mixed with vegetables and tamarind leaves (Filipino Foods, 2006). Lechon, a whole roast pig that is slowly roasted over live coals and basted regularly with a tasty sauce created from pig’s liver then simmered with vinegar, sugar and herbs, is a dish that will always be seen in big parties, gatherings, and fiestas. Other common dishes are bistek (beef and onion rings braised in soy sauce), lumpia (spring rolls), pansit (noodles) and the infamous dinuguan (pig blood and innards simmered with vinegar and hot peppers) (Alejandro & Fernandez, 1998). Now we dive deeper and look more specifically into the main ingredients of the national cuisine. From the brief discussion of common dishes above, we can clearly see that meats such as chicken, beef and pork are an important part of the cuisine. However, rice is the staple of country’s food identity and is also the main agricultural crop (Tope & Nonan-Mercado, 2002, p. 117). Rice was planted to over 4 billion hectares producing over 14 billion metric tons in 2005. Rice farming was also the main source of income and employment to 12 million farmers and family members in that year (Altoveros & Borromeo, 2007, p. 19). Meals are not complete for Filipinos unless rice is served with it.

Treating Animals with the Same Respect as Humans

Treating animals with the same respect as humans In 2012 there were 35 000 animal cruelty cases reported in the media all over the world. What is more, there are many atrocious videos posted on the internet in which animals are being ill-treated or killed. Statistically, one fifth of all domestic animals are not well treated. These facts arouse the question: ‘Should animals be treated with the same respect as humans? ’. In spite of the fact that animals are not conscious thinking creatures, they should be treated as humans because they are biologically similar to us and they are our companions.First and foremost, animals are biologically similar to humans. Their genetic code is similar to ours because it is made of the same nucleotides that encode amino acids. DNA is the carrier of genetic information in which our behaviour, appearance and genetic predispositions are encoded. Human and animals’ structure of DNA is almost the same. The best example is the DNA of th e great apes which is in 95 percent similar to the human. Even though many people can say that animals do not feel anything, animals are able to feel pain, happiness or anger owing to the developed nervous system.The typical examples of that are a dog which howls when it feels pain and a cat which purrs when it is being stroked. Many experiments were held in which e. g. chimpanzees were learnt how to count fruits shown on the screen and with the right answer they were getting a reward, and they were able to learn it which is the clear proof that they are able to learn certain conducts in the course of time. Furthermore, many species of animals are human companions. Choicely trained dogs are used to help blind people function in the world. Jack is one of the many people who without his dog would only have to stay at home and be dependent on his family.However, it is not the life that those people want to live and dogs are the unbeatable mean of helping them in their day-to-day activi ties. Secondly, enormously keen sense of smell that sniffer dogs have is most useful in rescuing people who have been trapped under the rubble because they can smell the scent of human in the places where the sight of rescue team is limited. Cats or hamsters are bred because of the very simple reason – they are ideal for children. Most of them are tame and they like being stroked. On the other hand, opponents say that animals should not be treated as humans because they are not conscious thinking creatures.The only way of communication between them is using primitive codes, not developed language e. g. bees are dancing in order to communicate something to others or elephants are making sounds that are not audible for humans. What is more, these codes are only used by them in order to survive their assemblage. All in all, no matter what opponents may say, animals should be treated with the same respect as humans. They are biologically similar to humans at the DNA level and the y are perfect human companions used in order to help people and beguile their free time. They should not be treated as if they did not feel anything.

Free Essays on How I See Affirmative Action In Schools

How I see affirmative action in Schools When I first set out to write this paper I was looking at it from the view as a person of color, but thinking about it as an educated person my view seems to change. Minorities from the city usually don’t have the education resources that students from the suburbs do. Without the proper education how are you suppose to obtain a job where you don’t need government assistance , nor are you living pay check to pay check? so in a way yes affirmative action is a good thing .It gives those who don’t have a way to get the things they want in life. In those cases I believe in affirmative action in life a person is measured buy his education and if you don’t have one you don’t amount to much. But if students depend on the education they acquired from schools in the city how much can they really know and understand? There are 29 students to one teacher; the teacher has about 6 to 7 classes per day, she can’t take the time to individually work with the students to see if they are learning anything, or understanding the lesson. In most cases there aren’t enough text books to give to every student so they can take the book home to read on their own time after class to try to understand. A lot of the parents can’t afford tutors or to pay for their children to take any extra classes. With these limited resources and financial hardships there is a very slim chance of a minority being admitted into a college or university without affirmative action. Most colleges and universities look at MCAS scores to help determine if they want to admit a student each semester. If the students from the city don’t have the proper learning they may not meet the standard scores that some schools are looking for. It doesn’t mean that they aren’t smart enough it’s just t hat they didn’t have the proper learning so there are some things on the test that they are not going to understand. In scho... Free Essays on How I See Affirmative Action In Schools Free Essays on How I See Affirmative Action In Schools How I see affirmative action in Schools When I first set out to write this paper I was looking at it from the view as a person of color, but thinking about it as an educated person my view seems to change. Minorities from the city usually don’t have the education resources that students from the suburbs do. Without the proper education how are you suppose to obtain a job where you don’t need government assistance , nor are you living pay check to pay check? so in a way yes affirmative action is a good thing .It gives those who don’t have a way to get the things they want in life. In those cases I believe in affirmative action in life a person is measured buy his education and if you don’t have one you don’t amount to much. But if students depend on the education they acquired from schools in the city how much can they really know and understand? There are 29 students to one teacher; the teacher has about 6 to 7 classes per day, she can’t take the time to individually work with the students to see if they are learning anything, or understanding the lesson. In most cases there aren’t enough text books to give to every student so they can take the book home to read on their own time after class to try to understand. A lot of the parents can’t afford tutors or to pay for their children to take any extra classes. With these limited resources and financial hardships there is a very slim chance of a minority being admitted into a college or university without affirmative action. Most colleges and universities look at MCAS scores to help determine if they want to admit a student each semester. If the students from the city don’t have the proper learning they may not meet the standard scores that some schools are looking for. It doesn’t mean that they aren’t smart enough it’s just t hat they didn’t have the proper learning so there are some things on the test that they are not going to understand. In scho...

Discuss the benfits ,limitations and methodology of population Essay

Discuss the benfits ,limitations and methodology of population screening for breast cancer - Essay Example 371). The abnormality is too distinct in the sense that instead of the aged cell to die, they continue piling up in number and this generates emergence of tissue comprising of cancer cells. These cells are as a result of the damage occurring in the setting of the DNA. This is the condition of multiplication of malignant cells that starts forming in the breast tissues and spread to some other areas in the body. Research has showed that these malignant cells range from noninvasive state to invasive state of carnicoma and thus early screening facilitates in lowering the level of attacks (Kosters & Gotzsche, 2008, p. 6). A female breast comprise of lobules which are milk-producing glands, ducts composed of capillaries that carries milk to the nipples, and stroma which are rich in fatty tissue, connective tissues and blood vessels. It was set up after high concern about the possibilities of the attack of the women by this trauma. It was realized to be common with both American and Australian women. The statics indicated that 1 out of every 10 women would fall victims of it in course of their lifetime. The likelihood of death after the attack of the disease is 3% but this figure has been declining after the awareness to the society. Breast screening is widely encouraged since it facilitates detecting the malignant cell and thus lowering the levels of spread. This is critical as it reduces the mortality rate. Experts have weighed the benefits of screening to the demerits of it and this has been accomplished through evaluating date and other information from oral means or written form (Kosters & Gotzsche, 2008, p. 8). The main need for screening in advance assists in progressing the time for diagnostic measures. Research indicated that earlier diagnosis increases the living span for any human being and thus it is very critical (Fong et al, 2009, p. 126). However

Ethics in Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Ethics in Management - Essay Example Decision making has been identified as one of the most valuable and crucial tools available to managers. The ability to make qualitative and productive decisions has been associated with successful management skills. Management is said to influence the organization’s ethical functioning by setting up priorities that lead to the ethical demeanor of the organization. Management must have the awareness and perception in making appropriate and precise ethical decisions. This can be achieved if decisions are based upon attaining goals and identifying the moral values of the organization. Managers also have to evaluate the effect of their ethical decisions on the vital interests of the business. The aim of this research paper is to analyze and evaluate the ethical decisions made by managers inside the international hospitality industry. The paper further identifies the core ethical values that are agreed by managers. It also discusses the influence and impression of these ethical de cisions on the various interests of the international hospitality industry. There is a strong relationship between management and ethics because this enables the creation of organizations where responsibility, integrity, honesty, and good governance are generated. Managers are geared towards achieving the goals of the organization through a process of dynamic and revolutionary concepts (Yeung 253, 2004). Responsible organizations can employ qualitative decisions that take into consideration the impact of their decisions. If these decisions are based on ethics than the various interests of the organization will also prosper. The local community will be empowered to have improved standards of living. The environment will be safeguarded by the practice of friendly policies and procedures. The international hospitality industry is faced with a number of issues that strongly determine their image and

WiFi, VPNs & Encryption Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

WiFi, VPNs & Encryption - Assignment Example In this scenario, different restrictions are implemented on the system access mechanisms. As a result, it becomes very difficult for these security threats to pollute a system and spread to other systems and devices (Merrifield, 2015). In other words, the concept of least privileges is used by the system administrators to offer the smallest amount of system resources needed to complete important business tasks. This mechanism is implemented through a variety of methods such as user rights (for instance putting restrictions to users’ rights, the way they access to the systems), resource permissions for instance implementing restrictions on CPU, network, memory and file system permissions. For instance, if a middleware system simply needs access to the network, the capability to write to a log, and read access to a database table, it refers to all the authorizations that should be approved. However, the middleware server should not be granted administrative privileges in any cas e under any circumstances (OWASP,

English Literature (no specific topic) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English Literature (no specific topic) - Essay Example onversation and his impression of the other characters and their observable behavior: his wife Fran, his friend Bob, Bob’s wife Olla, their baby Harold and their exotic pet peacock Joey. However, a deeper study makes one realize that, just as much of Carver’s story remains untold, Jack’s narration leaves much unsaid to his audience. Jack is the antithesis of what one expects in a normally effective narrator: openness and a frank discourse on the unfolding narrative. Although he is the narrator, Jack, as a character, is uncommunicative, acquiescent and lacking in initiative. Jack’s character is enveloped by silence. His relationship with Fran is marred by his inability to communicate his feelings. The diversions of his married life, before the dinner, are confined to activities which require no talking – watching television or going to the movies. This silence only intensifies after the visit to Bud’s. Although, as the narrator, he says, â€Å"I couldn’t wait to be alone with Fran to tell her what I was feeling† (page 264), he admits later that â€Å"We don’t talk about it. What’s to say?† (page 265). As a narrator, he makes it obvious that he is often critical of Fran. He disagrees with her stand â€Å"Why do we need other people?† (Carver, page 252) as he values his friendship with Bob. But his habit of silence extends to his friend also and makes him â€Å"careful with what I say to him† (page 265). Although Fran’s tirade against the car race program on television, and her o vert attention to the plaster-of-Paris teeth, are distasteful to him, he remains silent and does not reprimand her. Jack, the character, only admits â€Å"I thought about those plastic teeth† (page 259), whereas Jack, the narrator, provides a lurid description of the teeth. Likewise, the peacock makes a strong impression on him, but he confines himself to a laconic â€Å"‘Goddamn’ ---There was nothing else to say† (page 254). Here again, the narrator indulges in effusive

Managing a Patient Diagnosed with Breast Cancer

Managing a Patient Diagnosed with Breast Cancer Managing a patient diagnosed with breast Cancer Fungating Care context- The patient assessment and care planning took place in a care home following the patients admission due to decline in health, as she was unable to manage independently at home. In this reflective account of person-centred assessment, I will be comparing and contrasting the residents information that I undertook during my time at practical placement, associating it with the (Driscoll 2007) model, a well-known framework for reflection demonstrating (Discolls 2007) the three processes when reflecting on a residents person-centred assessment. These three processes include: what (description of the event), so what (an analysis of the event) and now what (proposed actions following the event). Driscolls model will help me apply theory to practice. In accord with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct, performance and ethics (2015) protecting confidentiality and privacy of staff members and the patient all names and the place where the person- centred assessment took place will remain unidentified, for this assessment the patient will be known as Mrs Woody. First, four weeks into practical placement at the care home, I discussed with my mentor who she thought would be a suitable patient, to carry out the person-centered assessment. To prepare for this I read through all the patients care notes, by the end of the week, me and my mentor discussed that Mrs Woody was a good patient to carry out the assessment, as I was involved in the care plan, being involved in the wound dressing, this got me involved with getting to know the different types of dressings and what they were used for. Mrs Woody was diagnosed with breast Cancer with Fungating tumour. Breast tumour is a chronic disease (Lawrence 2016) that causes depression, loneliness, but other days they might feel more positive about their self(MacMillan Cancer 2014). By the end of week 5, Mrs Woody was asked if she could be the person I used for a person-centred account, I wanted to find out more about Mrs Woodys breast cancer, as I found it interesting. Mrs Woody is a patient whos got ca pacity so she could give consent herself. It is important to obtain patient consent before undertaken their care notes, this informs Mrs Woody about how her information is being used (Bowrey and Thompson 2014). When explaining things to Mrs Woody, both verbal and non-verbal communication was used. It is important that Mrs Woody knew every detail about the person-centred assessment, ensuring that her name, place and other personal details were confidential. (NMC 2015) I found it difficult talking to Mrs Woody who has been diagnosed with depression, quite difficult than I had expected, as I always made time to have a conversation with Mrs Woody, so she wouldnt feel nervous about answering questions. Mrs Woody got agitated when I spoke to her in a clear calm voice asking her simple sentences, this gave Mrs Woody, the chance to talk directly to me, and to express her feelings. There were times when Mrs Woody pretended to have not hear what I said, so Mrs Woody started talking about what she was more interested in. I then brought her back to the questions, explaining them in more detail, by adding in things about her family, which got her attention again, which is more therapeutic towards her as it is vital to nursing. I felt confident knowing that Mrs Woody was at ease when she interacted in the person -centred assessment. I interacted with Mrs Woody for the first four weeks of placement, which helped her get to know me better. This was to support and reassure Mrs Woody so she didnt feel nervous about talking to me for the first time. It also helped me to get to know Mrs Woody before undertaken the assessment, while interacting I was accessing how long, I would have to spend with Mrs Woody, given her enough time to undertake the assessment, as I knew that she liked to talk about her family. Given Mrs Woody more time will help her gather her thoughts, without being rushed. The information that I gathered from Mrs Woody did match against the information on the medical and nursing notes. The only question that was left blank in the patient and family perspective box was systems assessment when Mrs Woody was asked this question she didnt fully understand what it meant, so I tried to simplify the question, by asking her about her physiological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual status, but Mrs Woody just looked at me and stated: that she did not want to answer that question. I respected Mrs Woodys wishes and moved on to the next questions. It is very important that Mrs Woody could answer all the questions about herself, as if Mrs Woody couldnt answer any of the questions about herself then, we would have had to make a review with the doctor to check out Mrs Woodys signs and symptoms, this could have been a result of Mrs Woody being diagnosed with dementia. The questions Mrs Woody answered were straight forward questions, about her past and relevan t questions. After getting consent from Mrs Woody, I was able to collect relevant case notes under the supervision of my mentor, the case notes contained past medical history, dietitian,doctors notes and care plans. My mentor was involved in the whole interview of Mrs Woody, who was in her bedroom this interview was undertaken in a confidential place (NMC 2015) as it was personal towards Mrs Woody. I explained to Mrs Woody in an informal manner, what was going to happen, and if it was okay to carry out the assessment today. By asking Mrs Woody if it was okay to undertake the person- centred assessment, showed that I was respecting her rights, in what she wanted to do. To improve Mrs Woodys care needs we could have carried out this assessment when her family was there, this way we could have got more information out of Mrs Woody about her past medical history. I gathered accurate information on my one-to-one talk, to support Mrs Woodys clinical care needs, I will be researching nutrition for Anorexia Cachexia Cancer. Doing this condition for Mrs Woodys clinical care, allows me to see what the problems can cause and how the illness can result in different parts of the body, for example, this can cause loss of appetite due to Mrs Woody having Cancer, Mrs Woody is losing electrolytes and proteins from the wound, as nutrition has a big impact on the wound healing. I felt that doing this type of cancer was good as if I didnt understand something about the condition I could go back and ask my mentor, this support was good for a student as your learning off another member of staff, in the care setting instead of reading journals. In conclusion, it is seen that I have mentioned the (Driscoll 2007) model of reflection. Stating the reasons why this framework was chosen as well as why reflection is important in Nursing. By using the three stages in the (Driscoll 2007) model of reflection this has helped to develop a therapeutic relationship with Mrs Woody by using interpersonal skills. This shows that Mrs Woody feels safe and happy within the care setting, and gets on well with staff members, as Mrs Woody was unable to manage independently at home due to her being diagnosed with breast Cancer Fungating. Mrs Woody communicated well with me and the nurse, during the assessment, this is very important. This shows that Mrs Woody feels comfortable and has a good relationship with the health professional staff, when talking to professionals about her personal care plan. Overall, I feel that getting to know the patient before doing the assessment, made it easier for me to communicate with Mrs Woody, as having a relation ship with her made the conversation flow more easily, making Mrs Woody not feel nervous. This skill is essential towards nursing, as I found Mrs Woody felt comfortable talking to professionals. If I was to undertake this person-centred assessment again to make it better, I would get the family involved in the person- centred assessment, by getting the family involved they could have supported, what Mrs Woody was saying, by expanding on what she was asked, this could have given me more detail about her past and relevant medical history. This makes it clear why Mrs Woody kept on getting distracted and talking about her family. If Mrs Woodys family was in the room this might not have happened. When consent was given from Mrs Woody within the end of week 4, I could have given her a date when the assessment was going to be done and should have given her a choice if she wanted her family to be present when the assessment was being done. By given Mrs Woody the choice this was respecting Mrs Woodys rights. The main learning that I as a student Nurse, can take from this reflecting practice is that (Driscoll 2007) model is effective on health professionals, as the three reflective questions make you think more as what you have to develop, and analyse what you just done. This model helped me to develop my learning skills. (Driscoll 2007) model can identify weaknesses and strengths when it comes to someones care. Developing new skills reflecting on past experience can help me achieve my highest potential, as with the (Driscoll 2007) model it has outlined my weaknesses and strengths. Part 3 Using information and data gathered during the assessment process identify one clinical care need for your patient and discuss the evidence based rationale for this choice. The clinical care need that I have chosen to reflect on within the person-centred assessment is nutrition, for patients with Cancer Anorexia Cachexia. With Cancer Anorexia Cachexia symptoms it is a metabolic disorder (Tazi and Errihani 2010). Cancer Anorexia Cachexia happens when a patient like Mrs Woody, losses weight, fatigue and feels weak, with increase weight loss resulting in loss of fat mass. This is not the patients choice in wanting to lose weight as weight loss is involuntary, it can not be even prevented by nutritional support (Mondello 2015). This condition can be seen as an end of life or chronic condition, such as, infections, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), chronic pulmonary disease and renal disease (Tomoyoshi 2015). Nutriment is important in helping patients with Cancer treatment and the development to become better (Reeves et al. 2007). Having a poor diet when having Cancer Anorexia Cachexia is a common problem with most Cancer patients, as it has been known to have vital symptoms of poor outcomes, such as decreased quality of life, making them weak and losing their ability to mobilise. Cancer patients needs a good balanced diet for the body to store nutrition, and maintain their body weight, a good balanced diet, this will have an effect on good quality life (American Cancer Society 2015). While if cancer patients have a poor diet, this can cause undernutrition, which leads to the patient having a high factor of infections, increasing their end of life care (Vigano et al. 1994) With Mrs Woody having Cancer Anorexia Cachexia at the age of 83 years old unfortunately, there is no treatment for anyone with this condition (Fearon 2013) having this condition it is vitally important that Mrs Woodys clinical status is took into consideration when caring for her, as due to the factor that she is 83 and has this condition it does not only lead to weight loss, but can also affect other symptoms, ÂÂ  Promoting positive outcomes from the health professionals for Cancer Anorexia Catherxia by increasing dietary needs, and minimising symptoms which will influence the patients quality of life (Bauer 2007). Due to not having enough nutrition in the body, this has effected Mrs Woodys mobility making her need assistance with two people. This condition affects the skeletal muscle wasting, and body weight as nutrition has been decrease. Lacking appetite is a problem for Cancer Anorexia Cachexia patients as this might have a different mindset on therapeutic options. Decrease weight loss, could be due to being diagnosed with cancer, causing the patient to have not only have decreased nutritional intake, but swallowing can also be a problem (Bauer 2007) It is important that health professionals detect and treat Mrs Woody with other causes that Cancer Anorexia Cachexia brings to her, such as depression, Mrs Woody is a palliative patient, depression can effect Mrs Woody differently some days, she might get up one morning feeling content, or other mornings it might affect her my getting up feeling depressed and an inability for her mood to be lighted. Pain is another factor effecting Mrs Woody, p ain is common in cancer patients, and in lifelong illnesses (Higginson and Costanantins 2008). With Mrs Woody having Cancer Anorexia Cachexia her pain should be well controlled as there is medicine to prevent her feeling in discomfort. It should be recommended that every patient with Cancer Anorexia Cachexia, to see about nutritional counselling as this will help patients who have this condition, being seen by a nutritional will help a patient like Mrs Woody to establish her physical function and body weight (Ravasco 2007). When attending a nutritional counselling for Cancer Anorexia Cachexia that a patient gets full support out of attending, which will include different nutritional aspects, eating problems and clinical history. This allows the patient with Cancer Anorexia Cachexia to keep a food diary, keeping a diary will help them see if there is any dietary changes, the diary will show the intake of caloric and show if there is any energy deficit. With the increase of caloric intake and nutrition, patients with Cancer Anorexia Cachexia have to understand that sometimes it does not work, with the increase of caloric it is known to help cancers. (Norleena 2011) Being diagnosed with cancer it is known that having treatment can cause nutrition symptoms. Nutrition systems can cause obstruct oral intake, which then leads to the patient losing weight. This includes, different symptoms like, nausea, sore mouth, problems with swallowing, depression and changes in the smell and taste (Wojtaszek et al 2002) With having any of these symptoms it can impact the patients quality of life. It is advised that patients go and see a Dietician, Oncology, or even a nurse, as having any of these symptoms can affect the patients ability to eat. Getting the help from a health care professional will decrease the side effects in some way, as well as helping the patient to eat again and enjoy their food. Health care professionals, within the care setting are involved in sending Mrs Woody to nutritional screening assessment. There are a variety of assessments that can be carried out for patients who are at a risk of nutrition, they use different assessment like skin testing, hypersensitity (delayed) and guidelines to institution- specific. Conclusion With the clinical care need of nutrition for patients being diagnosed with Cancer Anorexia Cachexia this condition is a metabolic disorder. It is important that for the best clinical care for patients being diagnosed with this condition, that they stick with the nutritional assessment of Cancer Anorexia Cachexia. Also having this condition the patient can talk to a health care professional, if they are having problems with eating or swallowing, also professionals help patients to set goals appropriately, which then improves quality of life for the patient. Some researchers have seen Cancer Anorexia Cachexia as an end of life condition, if they dont have a good nutrition Identify an outcome focused goal for this clinical care need, ensuring the goal involves the patient and is SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timely). The goal that I will be focusing on for Mrs Woody is a 45 diet plan, for patients with Cancer Anorexia Cachexia which will involve the SMART assessment. The SMART assessment is what goal you want to achieve, there are five main parts to this goal and they include Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant and Timely. (Haughey. 2015) A specific goal for a Cancer patient in a care home setting is to improve the increase of calorie, by improving calorie this will improve quality of life to symptom manage nausea . The increase to calorie are different for each patient, this is due to everyone being different sizes, people being taller than others, treatment and side effects. A high calorie should be recommended for the patient, as it prevents the patient losing weight (Wickham et al 2015). The goal for Measurable in a Cancer patient is weight management. With the increase of calories into the diet will help to maintain some body weight, if the patient is well enough it is vital that they get referred to the dietician, for supplements and weekly weight. The UK guidelines do not have a set guideline for doing physical exercise after treatment (Cancer Research UK 2015). But it is recommended by the (Macmillan Cancer Support 2012) that exercise is a good way to help control weight by muscle strength, and cardiovascular exercise. This will improve the patients quality of life, keeping their mind of their condition. Achievable goals for a Cancer patient, is necessary when on a 45 diet plan, increasing a Cancer patients appetite, sometimes the psychological aspect of Cancer, appetite can be affected by mood, general health and ability to fight infection, soÂÂ   using a MUST tool will help improve the patients appetite, which will be documented in a food diary. In the food diary the health care staff will keep an eye on the intake of fortifying diet, adding calories and high calorific snacks to the diet. Smoothies are good for adding in calories, as they have a range of vitamins in them. Vitamins are important nutrient for Cancer patients as it will decrease side effects, and helps the immune system (Parker 2017). A realistic goal for a Cancer patient when on the 45 diet plan, is to increase weight, and not to lose weight. With a patient being underweight it can cause infections. These infections can be hair falling out, or/and decrease body muscle. When a patient is underweight there is a high risk of the patient being diagnosed, with Osteoporosis, being underweight people find it hard to absorb minerals and vitamins (Meghan 2008). The timely goal will be the end result, which will be then reviewed in 4 weeks to see how well the patients get on, with the 45 diet. The focus within the 4 weeks is to see if there is any improvement in weight.